TY - JOUR
T1 - Differentiated human colorectal cancer cells protect tumor-initiating cells from irinotecan
AU - Emmink, B.L.
AU - Houdt, W.J.
AU - Vries, R.G.J.
AU - Hoogwater, F.J.
AU - Govaert, K.M.
AU - Verheem, A.
AU - Nijkamp, M.W.
AU - Steller, E.J.
AU - Jimenez, C.R.
AU - Clevers, H.
AU - Rinkes, I.H.
AU - Kranenburg, O.
N1 - Reporting year: 2011
PY - 2011
Y1 - 2011
N2 - BACKGROUND & AIMS: Stem cells of normal tissues have resistance mechanisms that allow them to survive genotoxic insults. The stem cell-like cells of tumors are defined by their tumor-initiating capacity and may have retained these resistance mechanisms, making them resistant to chemotherapy. We studied the relationship between resistance to the topoisomerase I inhibitor irinotecan and tumor-initiating potential in human colonosphere cultures and in mice with colorectal xenograft tumors. METHODS: Colonosphere cultures were established from human colorectal tumor specimens obtained from patients who underwent colon or liver resection for primary or metastatic adenocarcinoma. Stem cell and differentiation markers were analyzed by immunoblotting and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Clone- and tumor-initiating capacities were assessed by single-cell cloning and in immune-deficient mice. Sensitivity to irinotecan was assessed in vitro and in tumor-bearing mice. The relationship between drug resistance and tumor-initiating capacity was tested by fluorescence-activated cell sorting of colonosphere cells, based on expression of ABCB1 and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity. RESULTS: Colonosphere cultures had a high capacity to initiate tumors in mice and were resistant to irinotecan. Inhibition of the drug-efflux pump ABCB1 by PSC-833 allowed irinotecan to eradicate tumor-initiating cells. However, ABCB1 was expressed only by a subpopulation of differentiated tumor cells that did not form clones or tumors. Conversely, tumor-initiating cells were ABCB1-negative and were identified by high ALDH activity. Tumorigenic ALDHhigh/ABCB1negative cells generated nontumorigenic ALDHlow/ABCB1positive daughter cells in vitro and in tumor xenografts. PSC-833 increased the antitumor efficacy of irinotecan in mice. CONCLUSIONS: The resistance of colorectal tumors to irinotecan requires the cooperative action of tumor-initiating ALDHhigh/ABCB1negative cells and their differentiated, drug-expelling, ALDHlow/ABCB1positive daughter cells. [KEYWORDS: Adenocarcinoma/ drug therapy/metabolism/secondary, Aldehyde Dehydrogenase/metabolism, Animals, Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/metabolism/ pharmacology, Blotting, Western, Camptothecin/ analogs & derivatives/metabolism/pharmacology, Cell Differentiation/ drug effects, Colonic Neoplasms/ drug therapy/metabolism/pathology, Cyclosporins/pharmacology, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects, Flow Cytometry/methods, Humans, Liver Neoplasms/ drug therapy/m
AB - BACKGROUND & AIMS: Stem cells of normal tissues have resistance mechanisms that allow them to survive genotoxic insults. The stem cell-like cells of tumors are defined by their tumor-initiating capacity and may have retained these resistance mechanisms, making them resistant to chemotherapy. We studied the relationship between resistance to the topoisomerase I inhibitor irinotecan and tumor-initiating potential in human colonosphere cultures and in mice with colorectal xenograft tumors. METHODS: Colonosphere cultures were established from human colorectal tumor specimens obtained from patients who underwent colon or liver resection for primary or metastatic adenocarcinoma. Stem cell and differentiation markers were analyzed by immunoblotting and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Clone- and tumor-initiating capacities were assessed by single-cell cloning and in immune-deficient mice. Sensitivity to irinotecan was assessed in vitro and in tumor-bearing mice. The relationship between drug resistance and tumor-initiating capacity was tested by fluorescence-activated cell sorting of colonosphere cells, based on expression of ABCB1 and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity. RESULTS: Colonosphere cultures had a high capacity to initiate tumors in mice and were resistant to irinotecan. Inhibition of the drug-efflux pump ABCB1 by PSC-833 allowed irinotecan to eradicate tumor-initiating cells. However, ABCB1 was expressed only by a subpopulation of differentiated tumor cells that did not form clones or tumors. Conversely, tumor-initiating cells were ABCB1-negative and were identified by high ALDH activity. Tumorigenic ALDHhigh/ABCB1negative cells generated nontumorigenic ALDHlow/ABCB1positive daughter cells in vitro and in tumor xenografts. PSC-833 increased the antitumor efficacy of irinotecan in mice. CONCLUSIONS: The resistance of colorectal tumors to irinotecan requires the cooperative action of tumor-initiating ALDHhigh/ABCB1negative cells and their differentiated, drug-expelling, ALDHlow/ABCB1positive daughter cells. [KEYWORDS: Adenocarcinoma/ drug therapy/metabolism/secondary, Aldehyde Dehydrogenase/metabolism, Animals, Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/metabolism/ pharmacology, Blotting, Western, Camptothecin/ analogs & derivatives/metabolism/pharmacology, Cell Differentiation/ drug effects, Colonic Neoplasms/ drug therapy/metabolism/pathology, Cyclosporins/pharmacology, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects, Flow Cytometry/methods, Humans, Liver Neoplasms/ drug therapy/m
U2 - 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.03.052
DO - 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.03.052
M3 - Article
SN - 0016-5085
VL - 141
SP - 269
EP - 278
JO - Gastroenterology
JF - Gastroenterology
IS - 1
ER -