Reliability of earthworm data from citizen science: Lessons from 7 years of a French national monitoring protocol

TY - JOUR

T1 - Reliability of earthworm data from citizen science

T2 - Lessons from 7 years of a French national monitoring protocol

AU - Hoeffner, Kevin

AU - Bergerot, Benjamin

AU - Butt, Kevin R.

AU - Gérard, Sylvain

AU - Pelosi, Céline

AU - Pérès, Guénola

AU - Briones, Maria J.I.

AU - Decaëns, Thibaud

AU - Delaveau, Natacha

AU - Guillocheau, Sarah

AU - Hedde, Mickaël

AU - Hotte, Hoël

AU - Le Bayon, Renée Claire

AU - Muys, Bart

AU - Phillips, Helen R.P.

AU - Poupelin, Maxime

AU - Cluzeau, Daniel

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2025

PY - 2025/10

Y1 - 2025/10

N2 - Monitoring biodiversity is seldom comprehensive, as the spatio-temporal resolution needed to accurately reflect dynamic changes of these communities in diverse environments is often lacking. Citizen science offers a promising tool to help fill these gaps, engaging a wider audience in monitoring efforts and thus enhancing our understanding of earthworm ecology. However, a significant challenge arises as earthworms are difficult to identify to the species level in the field by non-experts, necessitating the use of morphotypes as taxonomic proxies. This study evaluates the reliability of earthworm classification into four earthworm morphotypes within the ‘500 ENI’ (Non-intended Effects) Monitoring Network in France. The network relies on annual sampling conducted in agricultural lands by non-specialist participants with subsequent identification verification by earthworm taxonomists. Analyzing >48,000 individual earthworms collected over 950 plots, we calculated two indices: the misclassification rate (MR) and the undetected rate (UR) to assess the reliability of classification into earthworm morphotypes. The results indicated an average MR of 28 % and an average UR of 32 %, which both varied according to morphotypes. Endogeics had lower error rates compared to epigeics, anecics with a red anterior, and anecics with a black anterior. Our findings underscored the significant impact of sampler experience and earthworm community composition on the reliability of classification of individuals into morphotypes by citizens. The results highlight the critical need for enhanced support and guidance for participants with limited experience. Furthermore, we recommend providing additional training or resources to aid in morphotype classification, especially for earthworm communities exhibiting low abundance, low adult proportion, or low morphotype diversity. Encouraging participants to sample during periods favorable for detecting reliable total and adult abundances would also help optimize morphotype detection.

AB - Monitoring biodiversity is seldom comprehensive, as the spatio-temporal resolution needed to accurately reflect dynamic changes of these communities in diverse environments is often lacking. Citizen science offers a promising tool to help fill these gaps, engaging a wider audience in monitoring efforts and thus enhancing our understanding of earthworm ecology. However, a significant challenge arises as earthworms are difficult to identify to the species level in the field by non-experts, necessitating the use of morphotypes as taxonomic proxies. This study evaluates the reliability of earthworm classification into four earthworm morphotypes within the ‘500 ENI’ (Non-intended Effects) Monitoring Network in France. The network relies on annual sampling conducted in agricultural lands by non-specialist participants with subsequent identification verification by earthworm taxonomists. Analyzing >48,000 individual earthworms collected over 950 plots, we calculated two indices: the misclassification rate (MR) and the undetected rate (UR) to assess the reliability of classification into earthworm morphotypes. The results indicated an average MR of 28 % and an average UR of 32 %, which both varied according to morphotypes. Endogeics had lower error rates compared to epigeics, anecics with a red anterior, and anecics with a black anterior. Our findings underscored the significant impact of sampler experience and earthworm community composition on the reliability of classification of individuals into morphotypes by citizens. The results highlight the critical need for enhanced support and guidance for participants with limited experience. Furthermore, we recommend providing additional training or resources to aid in morphotype classification, especially for earthworm communities exhibiting low abundance, low adult proportion, or low morphotype diversity. Encouraging participants to sample during periods favorable for detecting reliable total and adult abundances would also help optimize morphotype detection.

KW - Data quality

KW - Earthworm morphological group

KW - Monitoring

KW - Participants' experience

KW - Participatory science

KW - Training

U2 - 10.1016/j.apsoil.2025.106329

DO - 10.1016/j.apsoil.2025.106329

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:105011188740

SN - 0929-1393

VL - 214

JO - Applied Soil Ecology

JF - Applied Soil Ecology

M1 - 106329

ER -