TY - JOUR
T1 - Landscape moderation of biodiversity patterns and processes - eight hypotheses
AU - Tscharntke, T.
AU - Tylianakis, J.M.
AU - Rand, T.A.
AU - Didham, R.K.
AU - Fahrig, L.
AU - Batáry, P.
AU - Bengtsson, J.
AU - Clough, Y.
AU - Crist, T.O.
AU - Dormann, C.F.
AU - Ewers, R.M.
AU - Fründ, J.
AU - Holt, R.D.
AU - Holzschuh, A.
AU - Klein, A.M.
AU - Kleijn, D.
AU - Kremen, C.
AU - Landis, D.A.
AU - Laurance, W.
AU - Lindenmayer, D.
AU - Scherber, C.
AU - Sodhi, N.
AU - Steffan-Dewenter, I.
AU - Thies, C.
AU - Van der Putten, W.H.
AU - Westphal, C.
N1 - Reporting year: 2012
Metis note: 5311; WAG; TE
PY - 2012
Y1 - 2012
N2 - Understanding how landscape characteristics affect biodiversity patterns and ecological processes at local and landscape
scales is critical for mitigating effects of global environmental change. In this review, we use knowledge gained from
human-modified landscapes to suggest eight hypotheses, which we hope will encourage more systematic research on the role of landscape composition and configuration in determining the structure of ecological communities, ecosystem
functioning and services. We organize the eight hypotheses under four overarching themes. Section A: ‘landscape
moderation of biodiversity patterns’ includes (1) the landscape species pool hypothesis—the size of the landscape-wide
species pool moderates local (alpha) biodiversity, and (2) the dominance of beta diversity hypothesis—landscapemoderated
dissimilarity of local communities determines landscape-wide biodiversity and overrides negative local effects
of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Section B: ‘landscape moderation of population dynamics’ includes (3) the
cross-habitat spillover hypothesis—landscape-moderated spillover of energy, resources and organisms across habitats,
including between managed and natural ecosystems, influences landscape-wide community structure and associated
processes and (4) the landscape-moderated concentration and dilution hypothesis—spatial and temporal changes in
landscape composition can cause transient concentration or dilution of populationswith functional consequences. Section
C: ‘landscape moderation of functional trait selection’ includes (5) the landscape-moderated functional trait selection
hypothesis—landscape moderation of species trait selection shapes the functional role and trajectory of community
assembly, and (6) the landscape-moderated insurance hypothesis—landscape complexity provides spatial and temporal
insurance, i.e. high resilience and stability of ecological processes in changing environments. Section D: ‘landscape
constraints on conservation management’ includes (7) the intermediate landscape-complexity hypothesis—landscapemoderated
effectiveness of local conservation management is highest in structurally simple, rather than in cleared (i.e.
extremely simplified) or in complex landscapes, and (8) the landscape-moderated biodiversity versus ecosystem service
management hypothesis—landscape-moderated biodiversity conservation to optimize functional diversity and related
ecosystem services will not protect endangered species. Shifting our research focus from local to landscape-moderated
effects on biodiversity will be critical to developing solutions for future biodiversity and ecosystem service management.
AB - Understanding how landscape characteristics affect biodiversity patterns and ecological processes at local and landscape
scales is critical for mitigating effects of global environmental change. In this review, we use knowledge gained from
human-modified landscapes to suggest eight hypotheses, which we hope will encourage more systematic research on the role of landscape composition and configuration in determining the structure of ecological communities, ecosystem
functioning and services. We organize the eight hypotheses under four overarching themes. Section A: ‘landscape
moderation of biodiversity patterns’ includes (1) the landscape species pool hypothesis—the size of the landscape-wide
species pool moderates local (alpha) biodiversity, and (2) the dominance of beta diversity hypothesis—landscapemoderated
dissimilarity of local communities determines landscape-wide biodiversity and overrides negative local effects
of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Section B: ‘landscape moderation of population dynamics’ includes (3) the
cross-habitat spillover hypothesis—landscape-moderated spillover of energy, resources and organisms across habitats,
including between managed and natural ecosystems, influences landscape-wide community structure and associated
processes and (4) the landscape-moderated concentration and dilution hypothesis—spatial and temporal changes in
landscape composition can cause transient concentration or dilution of populationswith functional consequences. Section
C: ‘landscape moderation of functional trait selection’ includes (5) the landscape-moderated functional trait selection
hypothesis—landscape moderation of species trait selection shapes the functional role and trajectory of community
assembly, and (6) the landscape-moderated insurance hypothesis—landscape complexity provides spatial and temporal
insurance, i.e. high resilience and stability of ecological processes in changing environments. Section D: ‘landscape
constraints on conservation management’ includes (7) the intermediate landscape-complexity hypothesis—landscapemoderated
effectiveness of local conservation management is highest in structurally simple, rather than in cleared (i.e.
extremely simplified) or in complex landscapes, and (8) the landscape-moderated biodiversity versus ecosystem service
management hypothesis—landscape-moderated biodiversity conservation to optimize functional diversity and related
ecosystem services will not protect endangered species. Shifting our research focus from local to landscape-moderated
effects on biodiversity will be critical to developing solutions for future biodiversity and ecosystem service management.
KW - international
U2 - 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2011.00216.x
DO - 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2011.00216.x
M3 - Article
SN - 1464-7931
VL - 87
SP - 661
EP - 685
JO - Biological Reviews
JF - Biological Reviews
IS - 3
ER -